Together ︱性别术语汇集
2022/8/6 23:21:37 性健康研究与教育
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英文来源：UNDP (2007), Gender Mainstreaming in Practice: A Handbook原文翻译:
宋佳蕊，白柳，王钰璇 / Master Candidate(2021), RECSG
校 译:
张永瑶，许丛 / Master Candidate(2020), RECSG
平权法案(Affirmative Action)：Is a practical measure taken to increasethe diversity of an organization through human resources initiatives such asquotas for hiring women, minority groups, and people with disabilities. Affirmative (sometimes called positive)action aims to correct existing inequalities.是一种切实有效的措施，通过人力资源计划来增加组织的多样性，如雇佣一定数量的妇女、少数族群和残障人士。平权(有时也称为积极的)法案旨在纠正现有的不平等状况。
赋权(Empowerment):Is the process through which people takecontrol and action in order to overcome obstacles of structural inequalitywhich have previously put them in a disadvantaged position.是人们采取控制和行动以克服结构不平等这种障碍的过程，这些障碍曾使他们处于不利地位。
社会性别(Gender):Sex refers to the biological differencesbetween male and female bodies. Gender, on the other hand, refers to thesocially-constructed attitudes, values, roles and responsibilities of women andmen, in a given culture and location. These attitudes, values and roles areinfluenced by perceptions and expectations arising from cultural, political,economic, social and religious factors, as well as from custom, law, class,ethnicity and individual or institutional bias. Gender attitudes and behavioursare learnt and change over time.生理性别是指男性和女性身体上的生物属性差异。社会性别则是指在特定的文化和地域中，由社会建构的有关男性和女性的态度、价值观、角色和责任等方面的内容。这些有关性别的态度、价值和角色受到文化、政治、经济、社会和宗教因素以及习俗、法律、阶级、种族和个人或机构偏见所产生的看法和期望的影响。与社会性别有关的态度和行为是后天习得的，并随着时间的推移而变化。
社会性别分析(Gender analysis):Is the close examination of a problem orsituation in order to identify to di?erencesin the gender roles, activities, needs, and available opportunities of men andwomen. Gender analysis of a development programme involves identifying thegender issues within the problem which is being addressed and in the obstaclesto progress, so that these issues can be addressed in all aspects of theprogramme - in project objectives, in the choice of intervention strategy andin the methods of programme implementation.是通过对某一问题或情况的仔细审视，从而确定男女在性别角色、活动、需要和可获得机会方面的差异性。一个发展规划的社会性别分析是聚焦所要解决问题中涉及的性别议题，其中既包含问题本身，也体现在解决问题的进程中，即在项目规划的目标、干预策略的选择和方案执行的方法中，都能得以说明。
社会性别意识(Gender awareness):Is an understanding that there are sociallydetermined differences between women and men based on learnt behaviour whichaffect their ability to take decisions and action, and to access and controlresources. This awareness needs to be applied through gender analysis inprojects, programmes and policies.是一种认识或理念，即男女之间的差异是由社会来决定的，展现在后天习得的行为以及对决策和行动能力的影响方面，还涉及到获取和控制资源的能力。应当在项目规划、方案实施和政策制定等方面，通过性别分析来体现社会性别意识。
社会性别意识政策(Gender-aware policy):A policy which takes into account thesocial relationships of women and men as well as the differences in theirneeds, as opposed to a policy that is gender-neutral and implicitly assumesthat women and men have the same needs.一项政策的制定不仅要考虑到女性和男性的社会关系，也要关注他们不同的需要，而不是以性别中立的立场来含蓄假定女性和男性有相同需要。
社会性别盲视(Gender blindness):Is the failure to recognise that the needsof men and women are different. Agender-blind approach assumes that gender is not an influencing factor inprojects, programmes or policies.是没有认识到男性和女性存在不同的需要。性别盲视的项目认为性别不是影响项目、方案或政策的因素。
社会性别发展指数(Gender Development Index, GDI):The Gender Development Index (GDI) is agender-sensitive adjustment to the HDI. It uses the same variables as the HDI.The difference is that the GDI adjusts the average achievement of each countryin life expectancy, educational attainment and income in accordance with thedisparity in achievement between women and men. Like the HDI, the values forGDI range between 0 and 1, with 1 indicating the highest attainable levels ofgender-adjusted well-being.性别发展指数(GDI)是基于性别敏感对人类发展指数(HDI)进行调整后的指数，它使用与人类发展指数(HDI)相同的变量。不同之处在于，GDI是基于男性和女性在期望寿命、教育程度和生活收入等方面的不均衡，对每个国家的平均发展成就进行调整。与人类发展指数一样，性别发展指数(GDI)的值在0到1之间，其中1表示性别调整安康指数达到最高水平。
社会性别歧视(Gender discrimination):Refers to giving differential treatment toindividuals on the grounds of their gender. In many societies, this involvessystemic and structural discrimination against women in the distribution ofincome, access to resources and participation in decision-making.以性别为由，对个体予以差别对待。在许多社会，对于女性的歧视是系统性和结构性的歧视，体现在收入分配、资源获得和决策参与等方面。
性别化劳动分工(Gender division of labour):Is an overall societal pattern where womenare allotted one set of gender roles and men another. An unequal genderdivision of labour refers to a division of labour in which there is an unequalgender division of reward. Discrimination against women in this sense occurswhen women get most of the burden of labour, and most of the unpaid labour, butmen collect most of the income and rewards resulting from labour. In manycountries, the most obvious pattern in the gender division of labour is thatwomen are mostly confined to unpaid domestic work and unpaid food production,whereas men dominate in cash crop production and waged employment.是一种社会分配模式，在这种模式下，女性被分配了一套社会性别角色，男性被分配了另一套社会性别角色。不平等的性别分工指的是在劳动分工中存在性别不平等的报酬分配。在这种意义上说，当女性承担了大部分的劳动负荷和大部分的无偿劳动时，因歧视而获得较少报酬，而男性却获得了较多的劳动收入和回报。在许多国家，最明显的性别分工模式是，女性劳动大多局限于无报酬的家务劳动和无报酬的粮食生产，而男性在商业作物生产和带薪就业中占主导地位。
社会性别赋权测度(The Gender Empowerment Measure, GEM):The GEM is meant to measure the relativepower of women and men in political and economic life. The three variableswhich make up the index are:women’s and men’s percentage share ofadministrative and managerial positions;women’s and men’s percentage share ofprofessional and technical jobs; andwomen’s and men’s percentage share ofparliamentary seats.As with the other two measures, the valuefor the GEM varies between 0 and 1. Values nearer 1 indicate higher levels ofwomen’s empowerment while values nearer 0 indicate lower levels性别赋权测度用于衡量女性和男性在政治和经济生活中的相对权力。这个指数包含如下三个变量：
女性和男性在行政和经营管理职位中的比例；女性和男性在专业技术工作中的比例;女性和男性在议会席位中的比例。与其它两个度量(HDI,GDI)一样，GEM的值在0到1之间变化。数值越接近1，表示女性赋权水平越高，而数值越接近0则表示水平越低。
社会性别平等(Gender equality):Means that there is no discrimination on groundsof a person’s sex in the allocation of resources or benefits, or in the accessto services. Equality exists when both men and women are attributed equalsocial value, equal rights and equal responsibilities, and have equal access tothe means (resources, opportunities) to exercise them. Gender equality may bemeasured in terms of whether there is equality of opportunity, or equality ofresults.是指在资源或利益的分配中，或在获得服务方面，不存在基于个人性别的歧视。当男女都被赋予平等的社会价值、平等的权利和平等的责任，并拥有平等的可及性途径(资源、机会)时，平等就存在了。性别平等可以从机会平等或结果平等的角度来衡量。
社会性别公正(Gender equity):Means fairness and justice in thedistribution of benefits and responsibilities. Gender equity is the process ofbeing fair to women and men. To ensure fairness, measures must often beavailable to compensate for historical and social disadvantages that preventmen and women from otherwise operating on a level playing field. Equity leadsto equality.社会性别公正意味着在利益和责任分配中的公平和公正。性别公正是公平对待女性和男性的过程。为了确保公平，必须经常采取措施来弥补过往历史和现存社会中的不利因素，因为这些不利因素会阻碍男女进行公平竞争。
社会性别差距(Gender gap):A gender gap is an observable and sometimesmeasurable gap between men and women in terms of socioeconomic indicators, suchas ownership of land, attendance at school or participation in the labourforce, which is understood to be unjust and provides evidence of a gender issueto be addressed.社会性别差距是男女之间在社会经济指标方面可观察的，有时是可衡量的差距，例如土地所有权、入学或劳动力参与。性别差距的存在是不公正的，而且也提供了解决性别问题的证据。
社会性别指标(Gender indicators):Are measures of people's situation insociety that can show gender differences. Identifying social, labour,educational and economic reality from a gender perspective requires analysingthese indicators, making it possible to compare data for both sexes andidentify differences that can lead to stereotypes.是衡量人们社会地位的指标，可以此来显示性别方面的差异。从性别视角确定男女两性的社会角色、劳动工作、教育和经济状况，并分析这些指标，以确定两性存在的差异和可能会导致的刻板印象。
社会性别问题(Gender issues):Arise where an instance of genderinequality is recognised as undesirable or unjust.性别不平等存在的地方，就是令人不安或不公正滋生的地方。
社会性别主流化(Gender mainstreaming):Is the systematic process of ensuring thatwomen and men have equal access and control over resources, developmentbenefits and decision-making at all stages of the development process throughensuring that the respective needs, interests and priorities of women and menare integrated into in all policies, programmes and projects. It requires:Continuous assessment of the implicationsand effects of energy-related projects and policies on women and men.Designing and implementing strategies andactions that aim to better address the needs of women and men, improve theirwell-being, and facilitate their participation in the development process.A mechanism for ensuring this is done andfor reporting to managers.是通过将女性和男性各自的需要、利益和优先事项确保纳入到所有政策、规划和项目中，进而保证女性和男性在发展进程中的所有阶段能够平等获得和控制资源、开发效益和制定决策的系统进程。它要求：持续评估能源相关项目和政策对女性和男性的影响和作用。制定和实施旨在更好地满足女性和男性的需要，改善他们的福祉并促进他们参与发展进程的战略和行动。确保完成这项工作并向管理人员报告的机制。
社会性别中立和社会性别盲视(Gender neutral and genderblind):Gender-neutral policies are notspecifically aimed at either men or women and are assumed to affect both sexesequally. However, they may actually be gender-blind.Gender-blindness means ignoring thedifferent roles, responsibilities, capabilities, needs and priorities of womenand men. Gender-blind policies are based on information derived from men’sactivities and/or assume those affected by the policy have the same (male)needs and interests.性别中立的政策不专门针对男性或女性，并假设这个政策对两性的影响是均等的。然而，这样的政策实际上是性别盲视。性别盲视意味着忽视了女性和男性具有不同的角色、责任、能力、需要和优先事项。性别盲视下的政策是基于从男性活动中获得的信息和(或)假定受该政策影响的人具有相同的(男性)需要和利益而制定出来的。
社会性别关系(Gender relations):The social relationships and powerdistribution between men and women in both the private (personal) and publicspheres.指在私人(个人)和公共领域中，男女之间的社会关系和权力分配。
社会性别角色(Gender roles):Gender roles are sets of behaviour assignedto men and women respectively, according to their cultural norms and traditionsthat determine which activities, tasks and responsibilities are perceived asmale and which female. Gender roles are affected by age, class, race, ethnicityand religion, and by the geographical, economic and political environment.These roles shape identity, determining how we are perceived by others, how weare expected to think and act as women and men. Changes in gender roles oftenoccur in response to changing economic, natural or political circumstances,including development efforts.性别角色，是根据文化规范和传统分别赋予男性和女性的一套行为准则，这些规范和传统决定了哪些活动、任务和责任是男性所有，哪些为女性所有。性别角色受到年龄、阶级、种族、民族和宗教以及地理、经济和政治环境的影响。这些角色塑造了身份，决定了他人对我们的看法，以及我们作为女性和男性应该如何思考和行动。性别角色的变化往往是为了应对不断变化的经济、自然或政治环境，也包含为了发展而做出的努力。
社会性别角色的刻板印象(Gender role stereotyping):Is the constant portrayal, such as in themedia or in books, of women and men occupying social roles according to thetraditional gender division of labour in a particular society.Such gender role stereotyping works tosupport and reinforce the traditional gender division of labour by portrayingit as “normal” and “natural”.这是一种持久不变的描述，比如，在媒体或书籍中，女性和男性是根据特定社会中的传统性别分工来担任社会角色。这种性别角色刻板印象通过将传统的性别分工描述为“正常”和“自然”，来进一步支持和强化传统的性别分工。
社会性别敏感性(Gender sensitivity):Gender sensitivity is the ability torecognise gender issues and the different perceptions and interests of womenand men arising from their different social locations and different gender roles.Gender sensitivity is often used to mean thesame as gender awareness, although gender awareness can also mean the extraability to recognise gender issues which remain “hidden” from those with a moreconventional point of view.性别敏感性，是指具有能认识到性别议题及男女因不同的社会地位和性别角色而产生的不同看法和兴趣的能力。性别敏感性的意涵与性别意识是相同的，尽管性别意识也可视为一种识别性别议题的额外能力，但那些持有传统性别观点的人常常会把这些性别议题“隐藏”起来。
父权制(Patriarchy):Patriarchy is the male domination ofownership and control, at all levels in society, which maintains and operatesthe prevailing system of property rights and the gender division of labour.This system of control is justified in terms of patriarchal ideology - a systemof ideas based on a belief in male superiority, and sometimes the claim thatthe gender division of labour is based on biology or on religious texts.父权制是男性在社会各个层面对所有权和控制权的支配，它维持并运行普遍存在的产权制度和性别分工。从父权意识形态的角度，这种控制制度被视为是合理的。父权制是一种基于男性优越的信念体系而形成的，它时常宣称劳动的性别分工就是基于生物学或宗教经文的准则而设定的。
配额制(Quota system):Reserving a given number of participationspaces so that various groups can share social, political and economicactivities. Positive or affirmative action implies establishing percentages forfemale membership, for example, so as to foster their presence in particularactivities.保留一定数量的参与空间，以便不同群体能够共同参与社会、政治和经济活动。例如，平权法案意味着要确定女性成员在人群中所占的百分比，从而促进她们在特定活动中能有存在的机会。
生理性别(Sex):Refers to the biological differencesbetween women and men. These are generally permanent and universal.指的是女性和男性的生物属性方面的差异。这些差异通常是永久的和普遍的。
性别分列数据(Sex-disaggregated data):For a gender analysis, all data should beseparated by sex in order to allow differences between women and men in needs,priorities, action and results to be identified.对于性别分析而言，所有数据都应按性别分类，以便明确男女在需要、优先事项、行动和结果方面存在的差异。
性角色(Sex roles):Refer to an occupation or biologicalfunction for which a necessary qualification is to belong to one particular sexcategory. For example, pregnancy is a female sex role because only members ofthe female sex can bear children.指某一职业或生理功能专属于某一特定性别的范畴，例如，怀孕是女性的性别角色，因为只有女性才能生育。
战略利益(Strategic interests):Women’s strategic interests are thoserelated to women changing their position in society, gaining more equality withmen and empowerment in all its senses. Interventions addressing strategicgender interests focus on fundamental issues related to women’s (or, lessoften, men’s) subordination and gender inequities. Strategic gender interestsare long-term, usually not material, and are often related to structuralchanges in society regarding women’s status and equity. They includelegislation for equal rights, reproductive choice, and increased participationin decision-making. Examples of energy services which meet women's strategicinterests are street lights which enable women to participate in the villagecouncil, radio and T.V. increasing women's knowledge. However, energy servicesalone may not be sufficient to change gender interests and so may require otherinputs for these interests to be realised, for example, societal attitudes mayneed to change before some women will go out after dark.女性的战略利益是指那些与改变女性社会地位、获得与男性平等以及在所有事项上得以赋权的相关事宜。战略性性别利益的保障措施应聚焦女性(较少情况下是男性)的从属地位和与性别不平等有关的基本问题。战略性性别利益的获得是长期的，通常是非物质性的，它与社会中关于女性地位和平等的结构性变化有关。它们包括平等权利、生育选择和更多参与决策。例如，在满足女性战略利益的能源项目中，安装路灯会有助于女性参与村委会，接触到广播和电视而增加相关的知识。然而，仅靠能源服务可能不足以改变性别利益，因此可能需要其他投入来实现这些，例如，对于天黑外出的女性，社会态度的改变可能是首要的。
结构性的性别不平等(Structural Gender inequality):Is a system of gender discriminationpracticed in public or social institutions. Structural gender inequality ismore entrenched if it is maintained by administrative rules and laws, ratherthan by only custom and tradition.是一种在公共或社会机构中存在的性别歧视制度。如果结构性的性别不平等得到行政制度和法律条文的强化，而不仅仅是由习俗和传统来维持的，那么这种结构性的性别不平等就会更加根深蒂固。
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