Nature菌群微生态专刊综述：肠道菌在健康和疾病中的作用
2016/7/9 1:28:17Nature 世界医疗科技资讯
NatureVolume:535(07 July 2016)刊首语：肠道微生物群与健康和疾病密切相关。探究人类发育生物学的微生物观；饮食和微生物群相互作用调节人体代谢；微生物群和先天免疫;微生物群和适应性免疫;肠道微生物群与病原菌相互作用如何;微生物菌群基因组关联分析将微生物集群的动态状况和疾病联系在一起。
导读
人类的肠道是亿万微生物的家园，它们调节着人类的健康和疾病。在Science今年4月29日推出人类肠道微生物与健康疾病的研究专著特刊后，7月7日Nature推出了关于肠道菌群与人类健康疾病的研究专题，本期专题汇集了在菌群与寄主相互作用方面的学术带头人的观点，为这些基本的生物过程和临床应用方面的重要进展提供了一个总的看法。又将微生物组与人类健康疾病的研究推向了一个新的高潮。
为此《世界医疗科技资讯》将分2期刊出Nature特刊全部文章，供大家阅读分享。
主题词：微生物学 疾病种类 新陈代谢 免疫学
人类的肠道是数以万亿计的微生物的家园,他们调节着人类的健康和疾病。这一期的Nature推出了关于肠道菌的专题。各篇论著汇集了本领域科学学术领导者在菌群与寄主相互作用方面的学术观点，为这些基本的生物过程和临床应用方面的重要进展提供了一个总的看法。
杰夫·戈登和他的同事们站在人类发育生物学的微生物的角度来看。他们描述的微生物群如何影响产前及产后增长和解释的理解这样的社区可以帮助预防和治疗疾病。为此,他们呼吁建立“人类微生物观测站”，监测在同期出生的人的微生物群的发展,包括不同的生活方式和疾病模式。
贾斯汀松嫩堡和弗雷德里克·Backhed分析了微生物群和饮食如何相互作用,如何影响新陈代谢。他们审查机制使用的微生物群调节饮食对宿主的代谢状态的影响,以及潜在的治疗干预。
伊兰Elinav和同事讨论微生物群之间的串扰和先天免疫系统,专注于细菌组件和主机反应途径,互利的影响时出现的通信和疾病,这样的互动是打扰。
肯尼亚本田和丹·利特曼总结我们了解特定的微生物免疫适应性。在肠粘膜中，免疫系统的T细胞和B细胞在特定位置的表型和功能是由微生物菌群影响的。这些菌群细胞通过抑制无害抗原的反应和加强肠黏膜的屏障功能的完整性，在维持免疫自稳态平衡方面起了重要的作用。肠道菌群失去平衡，称为菌群失调，会引起一些免疫系统疾病。这些都是通过离它们的诱发位点或远或近的T细胞活性改变引起的。明了区分自稳态的差异和病原微生物与寄主之间的关系的机制，能够鉴定预防或调解炎症性疾病的治疗靶点和提高癌症免疫治疗的疗效。
Andreas Baumler and Vanessa Sperandio检查肠道微生物群之间的相互作用和致病细菌,包括病原物种如何利用microbiota-derived来源的碳和氮营养和监管信号增长和毒性。
罗伯·奈特和他的同事们认为microbiome-wide关联研究的出现,已通过DNA测序技术的进步,代谢组学、蛋白质组学和计算。他们提供了一个路线图实现的承诺microbiome-based精密诊断和治疗。
Nature高兴地承认益力多Honsha有限公司的支持。Nature一如既往地对编辑内容负责。
原文阅读
Intestinal microbiota in health and disease
Christina Tobin K?hrstr?m,1, Nonia Pariente1, & Ursula Weiss1,
NatureVolume:535,Page:47Date published:(07 July 2016)
DOI:doi:10.1038/535047a
Published online 06 July 2016
Subject terms:Microbiology?Diseases?Metabolism?Immunology
The human gut is home to trillions of microorganisms, which modulate health and disease. This Insight brings together leaders in the field of microbiota–host interactions to provide an overview of basic biological processes and important advances in the development of clinical applications.
Jeff Gordon and colleagues present a microbial perspective of human developmental biology. They describe how the microbiota affects prenatal and postnatal growth and explain how an understanding of such communities could help to prevent and treat diseases. To this end, they call for the establishment of 'human microbial observatories' to examine the development of the microbiota in birth cohorts with diverse lifestyles and patterns of disease.
Justin Sonnenburg and Fredrik B?ckhed analyse how the microbiota and diet interact to influence metabolism. They review mechanisms used by the microbiota to modulate the effects of diet on the host's metabolic status, as well as the potential for therapeutic intervention.
Eran Elinav and colleagues discuss crosstalk between the microbiota and the innate immune system, focusing on bacterial components and host response pathways, mutually beneficial effects of such communication and diseases that arise when this interaction is disturbed.
Kenya Honda and Dan Littman summarize our understanding of how specific microbes determine aspects of adaptive immunity and the part that they play in the induction of both immune tolerance and conditions such as allergy and intestinal inflammation.
Andreas B?umler and Vanessa Sperandio examine interactions between the gut microbiota and pathogenic bacteria, including how pathogenic species exploit microbiota-derived sources of carbon and nitrogen as nutrients and regulatory signals for growth and virulence.
And Rob Knight and colleagues consider the advent of microbiome-wide association studies, which have been enabled by advances in DNA sequencing, metabolomics, proteomics and computation. They provide a road map for realizing the promise of microbiome-based precision diagnostics and therapies.
Nature is pleased to acknowledge the financial support of Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd in producing this Insight. As always, Nature carries sole responsibility for all editorial content.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v535/n7610/full/535047a.html
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