Nature:微生物和基因如何“环游”世界?
2016/7/17 0:02:12Nature 世界医疗科技资讯

    

     近日,刊登在国际杂志Nature上的一项研究论文中,来自MIT的研究人员通过研究发现了一些特殊路径,特定的微生物可以借助这些路径来环游世界,文章中研究者揭示了他们如何从居住在斐济(太平洋岛国)的村民中收集微生物样本来研究微生物转移的天然特性。

     人类机体从里到外都布满着细菌,但这些细菌如何在人群间互相转移至今研究者并不清楚,文章中研究人员对居住在斐济偏远村庄的人们机体中的微生物群落进行了研究,研究人员从这些村民机体多个部分获取了微生物的样本,由于这些个体居住地较为偏远而且居住相对固定,因此其并不太可能像其它居住在流动地区的人们一样容易获得或接受新的微生物群落的定植。

     研究者收集了来自5个不同村庄的172名个体的粪便、唾液及手拭子样本;同时也从来自北美的81名个体收集到了相应样本,研究者的目的就是观察如果他们利用对微生物的分析结果来绘制出了一种社会图谱,是否就可以揭示该地区的微生物扩散情况,作为部分研究,研究人员对个体的微生物细胞进行测序来观察微生物机体的系列基因,而这对于有效鉴别微生物非常关键。

     研究者表示,他们发现,简单且每日的活动或许对人类微生物组中存在的微生物基因的转移有一定的影响,甚至在不同微生物种间也是如此;举个例子,研究者发现,居住在斐济的人群相比于居住在北美的人群而言,肠道中含有较多的微生物群落,其中就包括了一种可以帮助机体消化淀粉的特殊细菌;同时研究者在不同村庄人群的肠道微生物水平上也发现了细微的差别,这或许为深入研究特殊微生物群落如何转移以及如何改变微生物组提供了很好的线索。

     最后研究者表示,本文研究为很好地解释为何不同群体的人群更易于或者不太易于患某些疾病提供了很好的研究线索和思路,比如消化问题、过敏甚至哮喘等问题。

     原文阅读

     Mobile genes in the human microbiome are structured from global to individual scales

     I. L. Brito, S. Yilmaz, K. Huang, L. Xu, S. D. Jupiter, A. P. Jenkins, W. Naisilisili, M. Tamminen, C. S. Smillie, J. R. Wortman, B. W. Birren, R. J. Xavier, P. C. Blainey, A. K. Singh, D. Gevers & E. J. Alm Nature Year published(2016)

     DOI:doi:10.1038/nature18927

     Recent work has underscored the importance of the microbiome in human health, and has largely attributed differences in phenotype to differences in the species present among individuals1, 2, 3, 4, 5. However, mobile genes can confer profoundly different phenotypes on different strains of the same species. Little is known about the function and distribution of mobile genes in the human microbiome, and in particular whether the gene pool is globally homogenous or constrained by human population structure. Here, we investigate this question by comparing the mobile genes found in the microbiomes of 81 metropolitan North Americans with those of 172 agrarian Fiji islanders using a combination of single-cell genomics and metagenomics. We find large differences in mobile gene content between the Fijian and North American microbiomes, with functional variation that mirrors known dietary differences such as the excess of plant-based starch degradation genes found in Fijian individuals. Notably, we also observed differences between the mobile gene pools of neighbouring Fijian villages, even though microbiome composition across villages is similar. Finally, we observe high rates of recombination leading to individual-specific mobile elements, suggesting that the abundance of some genes may reflect environmental selection rather than dispersal limitation. Together, these data support the hypothesis that human activities and behaviours provide selective pressures that shape mobile gene pools, and that acquisition of mobile genes is important for colonizing specific human populations.

     http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature18927.html

    

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